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Update research-security.md
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# OpenIPC Wiki
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[Table of Content](../index.md)
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Access to SSH, telnet, FTP and other services
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---------------------------------------------
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Very often stock firmware provides access to its operating system but the
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access is closed with an undisclosed password. We can recover a cryptographic
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hash of that password while extracting a copy of the firmware image.
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### Password hash
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```
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$1$bh2njiGH$4duacOMcXDh6myANzbZTf.
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```
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The hashed salt password string consists of three parts: hashing algorithm
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identifier, salt and password hash, each of which is preceded by a dollar sign.
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The first part, `$1`, is the hashing algorithm encoded with one (rarely two)
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characters. It denotes the cryptographic method used to generate the hash:
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- `$1` - MD5 algorithm.
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- `$2` - Blowfish algorithm.
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- `$2a` - eksblowfish algorithm
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- `$5` - SHA-256 algorithm
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- `$6` - SHA-512 algorithm
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The second part, `$bh2njiGH`, is a salt - a character string added to the
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plaintext password before hashing it in order to randomize the resulting hashes
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for the same password and prevent [rainbow table][1] attacks.
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The last part, `$4duacOMcXDh6myANzbZTf.`, is the hash. When you enter a
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password, it is concatinated with the provided salt then hashed using the
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provided hashing algorithm and the result is compared to the hash.
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Same password, salt and hashing method will always produce the same result.
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Hashing algorithms are one-way encryption methods meaning the hash cannot be
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decrypted back to a plaintext password, but it is possible to perform hashing
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of available variants of plaintext passwords until the match is found.
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This method is called the [brute-force attack][2].
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IP cameras tend to utilize a relatively simple and fast MD5 hashing algorithm
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so using a password-breaking software and powerful computing resources the
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original plaintext password can be picked in a matter of weeks or days, if not
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hours, especially using high-quality dictionaries.
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In the example above we used password "openipc". You can check the validity of
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the password using either `mkpasswd` or `openssl`:
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```
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$ mkpasswd -m md5crypt -S bh2njiGH openipc
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$1$bh2njiGH$4duacOMcXDh6myANzbZTf.
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$ openssl passwd -1 -salt bh2njiGH openipc
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$1$bh2njiGH$4duacOMcXDh6myANzbZTf.
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```
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When the password is found, it is wise to share it publicly, so that other
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researchers in the field could dedicate their cryptographic resources to
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discover even more yet unknown passwords. Sharing is caring, boys!
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### Some passwords that we found in different firmware
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```
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| Hash | Plain text |
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|---------------------------------------|------------|
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| $1$MoCJ1nRA$NfsI1wlYcWoF5MbU4t3Og0 | ivdev |
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| $1$ZebZnWdY$QZ1Aa.7hwBshCS5k40MUE1 | xc12345 |
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| $1$d3VPdE0x$Ztn09cyReJy5Pyn | runtop10 |
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| $1$qFa2kfke$vJob19l64Q6n8FvP8/kvJ0 | wabjtam |
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| $1$rHWQwR5V$i4FVDvwhuzau8msvAfHEt. | 2601hx |
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| $1$tiaLlxGM$byeTUfQgqyET5asfwwNjg0 | hichiphx |
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| $1$0Me7S3z5$.uQ4Pr/QjJQ/0JUZI0w4m. | |
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| $1$4dAkkeWK$HCy0K1z8E.wAuwgLV8bWd/ | |
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| $1$7bfnUEjV$3ogadpYTDXtJPV4ubVaGq1 | |
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| $1$7BqzlCqK$nQXIfc53c1ACEwzNg7G3D. | |
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| $1$cNGGWwI/$5/mZTMlcVfJlpE5DGrdsl/ | |
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| $1$FMNq4QIj$lJg6WzZxy1HWl3sL.YwIq1 | |
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| $1$IZfqary9$IrG6loat5pDTBLr6ksKTD0 | |
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| $1$ocmTTAhE$v.q2/jwr4BS.20KYshYQZ1 | |
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| $1$OIKWDzOV$WjZNcNtHSKVscbi9WQcpu/ | |
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| $1$rnjbbPTD$tR9oAIWgUp/jRrhjDuUwp0 | |
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| $1$RYIwEiRA$d5iRRVQ5ZeRTrJwGjRy.B0 | |
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| $1$uF5XC.Im$8k0Gkw4wYaZkNzuOuySIx/ | |
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| $1$vN9F.lHa$E09mbCRo70834AUfkytpX | |
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| $1$wbAnPk8f$yz0PI9vnyLRmWbENUnce3/ | |
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| $1$ybdHbPDn$ii9aEIFNiolBbM9QxW9mr0 | |
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| $1$yq01TaSp$lkN/azu3IxE97owy27pve. | |
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| $1$yFuJ6yns$33Bk0I91Ji0QMujkR/DPi1 | |
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| $1$yi$FS7W5j1RJmbRHDe0El/zX/ | |
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| $1$yi$MiivC6pLdwS0zp0pa0cUq1 | qw1234qw |
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| $Dg.cUjtWGTIVkuFS0ZYbN1 | fx1805 |
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| $enWsv2cbxPCrd0WeXUXtX0 | nobody |
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| $qZV4X6DTqMHUDIyZG.8PH. | |
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| $z2VkRbfNoE/xHLBj8i2cv. | ftp |
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| 7wtxBdUGBnuoY | runtop10 |
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| 9B60FC59706134759DBCAEA58CAF9068 | Fireitup |
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| LHjQopX4yjf1Q | ls123 |
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| ab8nBoH3mb8.g | helpme |
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| absxcfbgXtb3o | xc3511 |
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| xt5USRjG7rEDE | j1/_7sxw |
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| $1$EmcmB/9a$UrsXTlmYL/6eZ9A2ST2Yl/ | |
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```
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### Software
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- [Hashcat](https://hashcat.net/)
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- [John The Ripper](https://www.openwall.com/john/)
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- [Hydra](https://github.com/vanhauser-thc/thc-hydra)
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[1]: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rainbow_table
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[2]: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Brute-force_attack
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Alternative way to get access to full working system.
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Alternative way to get access to full working system.
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---------------------------------------------------
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---------------------------------------------------
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